Fricatives

Fricatives

 Consonants produced by the friction of the breath through a narrow opening between two of the mouth-organs. Also called aspirants

Labiodental

/f/

• Most students do not have difficulty with /f/ it may appear
• In initial ( fish, find)
• Medial (laughing, coffee)
• Final: staff, stuff, stiff
• 
  
• Spelling
• F: fine, few, off 
• Off: offer
• Ph: physics, phonetics 
• Gh: laugh (just for this word)

    Dental

/ ð /

• There is no similar independent sound in Spanish, although we can find a similar phoneme between vowels. Ex: lado, dedo

• We should try to discriminate between /d/ and /ð/. They did that

• To produce this sound put the tip of tour tongue and use your voice

• Is always written with “th”
• With, brother, mother, father, feather, that, this, another, weather 
• If the letter “the” are at the end of the word the corresponding sound is voiceless: bath

• With is a very frequently used word it is pronounced /wið/

• It may appear in:
• Initial: then, this, that
• Medial: brother, other, father
• Final: with, bathe

/θ/

• It is very similar to the Spanish sound represented by ‘z’ or ‘ce’, ‘ci’. To produce this sound follow the same procedure as in /δ/ but do not use your voice.

• This sound is always written with the letters ‘th’

• Mouth, month, thirsty, three, north, south, through, throw, think

    Alveloar

/s/ 

• We can find a similar sound in Spanish and although most students can pronounce it they tend to say [espu:n] instead of [spu:n].

• Spelling: the sound /s/ is usually written with the letter ‘s’:

• ‘s’: Class, lesson, student 
• ‘s’: bicycle, exercise 
•  ‘se’: house, horse 
• ‘ce’: policeman, face
• ‘x’ (pronounced /ks/: six, box)

/z/

• There is no similar independent sound in Spanish, although when ‘s’ precedes a voiced consonant (e.g. mismo, rasgo, ...) we can see it is very similar although with some differences. Remember to use your voice to produce this sound. We may find this sound in English in initial (zip, zoo, zebra), medial (busy, crazy) and final position ( lose, loose, wise, days).
• Note: Both / z / and / s / are very important in English because they represent the plural morphemes, the Saxon genitive and the third person singular present tense.

    Palatoalveloar

/ʃ/

• It does not exist in Spanish. In some parts of Andalucia and Extremadura it is used instead f “ch” for example “muchacho”. Pronounce first /s/ then put your tongue up and back a little to make / ʃ /

• It may appear in:
•  Initial position: ship, shut, shave
• Medial: fishes, fashion, dishes
•  Final: wash, crash, rush
• Spelling:
• It is usually written with letters “sh”: ship, shop, finish
• Other spellings: Russia, Russian, sugar, Scotish, Irish, Swedish, Danish, Polish, French, Spain, Spanish, Turkey, Turkish.

/ӡ/

• This sound is not found in initial position (except for some French words)
• It is found in:
• Medial position: leisure, treasure
• Final position: garage
•   Spelling:
•  The sound /ӡ/ is usually written with the letters “s” or “ge”
• Usual, pleasure, television
• /ʃ/  and /3/ are very productive in the pronunciation of endings in –tion and –sion

• /ʃən/: nation, reduction, creation, motion

• /ӡən/: vision, explosion, decision, exclusion

    Afffricatives

-          The 2 phonetim affricates are /tʃ/ and /dӡ/

/tʃ/

• Approximate castilian production is “ch”
• Examples: cheap, child, match, chalk
• Other spelling:

o   Tch: watch, butcher

o   Ture: picture

o   T: question

o   Tune: fortune 

• Other important words: cherry, lunch, chocolate, children, chicken, teacher, chair, catch, nature, creature, Neptune, rich, reach

/dӡ/ 

• There is no similar independent sound in Spanish. We can speak of a similar sound when we pronounce “y” emphatically (e.g. yo, ya). Once you have understood and pronounced / tR/ use your voice to make /dY /.
•  This sound is usually written with the letters:

o   J: joke, jam

o   g/e: German, gentleman, vegetables, oranges, cabbage

o   dj: adjust

o   di: soldier, rarely

Las t son sordas

Las vocales son sonoras si termina un palabra en vocal sonora, la s pasa a ser sonora y es /z/ 

Las que acaban en shion siempre se escriben /ʃn/

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